epoll 实际上是 poll 的一种改进,它可以处理大批量的句柄。而 poll 又是select 的一种改进。在select 中对所打开的文件描述符个数有一定的限制,该限制由 FD_SETSIZE 设置(一般为 1024 或 2048), 而且内核中的 select 的实现是采用轮询来处理描文件描述符集,因此效率低。当文件描述符集中的某个描述符处于可读、可写或异常状态时,select 采用内存拷贝方法通知用户空间。因此, 在select 模型中文件描述符个数受限且效率低的问题就很明显。为了解决select 对文件描述符个数的限制,采用了 poll 模型,但是 poll 依然不能解决 select 的效率问题。所以,最终epoll 模型重新对poll 模型进行改进 。
epoll 的优点如下所示:
调用函数 epoll_create 创建 epoll 文件描述符,该函数原型如下:
/* epoll 系统调用函数 */ #include <sys/epoll.h> /* * 函数功能:创建epoll文件描述符; * 返回值:若成功则返回新创建的文件描述符; * 函数原型: */ int epoll_create(int size); /* * 参数size是epoll的最大文件描述符个数; * 在新的系统内核中size已经不被使用; */
/*
* 函数功能:操作某个epoll文件描述符;
* 返回值:若成功则返回0,否则出错返回-1;
* 函数原型:
*/
int epoll_ctl(int epfd, int op, int fd, struct epoll_event *event);
/*
* 参数:
* epfd:由epoll_create创建的epoll文件描述符;
* fd:是关联的文件描述符;
* op:是操作方式,有以下三种操作方式:
* EPOLL_CTL_ADD 将fd注册到epfd中;
* EPOLL_CTL_MOD 修改已在epfd中注册的fd事件;
* EPOLL_CTL_DEL 将fd从epfd中删除;
*
* event:指向struct epoll_event 结构,表示需要监听fd的某种事件;
*/
/* struct epoll_event 结构体定义如下 */
typedef union epoll_data {
void *ptr;
int fd;
uint32_t u32;
uint64_t u64;
} epoll_data_t;
struct epoll_event {
uint32_t events; /* Epoll events */
epoll_data_t data; /* User data variable */
};
/*
* 其中events有如下的取值:
* EPOLLIN 表示对应的文件描述符可读;
* EPOLLOUT 表示对应的文件描述符可写;
* EPOLLPRI 表示对应的文件描述符有紧急数据可读;
* EPOLLERR 表示对应的文件描述符发生错误;
* EPOLLHUP 表示对应的文件描述符被挂载;
* EPOLLET 表示将EPOLL设置为边缘触发模式(Edge Triggered);
* EPOLLONESHOT 表示只监听一次事件,当监听此次事件完成,若想继续监听,则需再次把该套接字描述符加入到EPOLL队列中;
*/
struct epoll_event ev; /* 设置与要处理的事件相关的文件描述符 */ ev.data.fd=listenfd; /* 设置要处理的事件类型 */ ev.events=EPOLLIN|EPOLLET; /* 注册epoll事件 */ epoll_ctl(epfd,EPOLL_CTL_ADD,listenfd,&ev);
/* * 函数功能:收集在epoll监听事件中已发生的事件; * 返回值:若成功则返回所发生的事件数,否则出错返回-1; * 函数原型: */ int epoll_wait(int epfd, struct epoll_event *events, int maxevents, int timeout); /* * 参数: * epfd:由epoll_create创建的epoll文件描述符; * events:指向epoll_event结构体,用于保存已发生的事件; * maxevents:每次能处理的最大事件数; * timeout:等待IO 事件发生的超时时间:-1相当于阻塞,即不会立即返回;0相当于非阻塞,即立即返回; */
epoll 有两种工作模式:
具体实例可参考文章:How to use epoll? A complete example in C
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <netdb.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <sys/epoll.h>
#include <errno.h>
#define MAXEVENTS 64
static int
make_socket_non_blocking (int sfd)
{
int flags, s;
flags = fcntl (sfd, F_GETFL, 0);
if (flags == -1)
{
perror ("fcntl");
return -1;
}
flags |= O_NONBLOCK;
s = fcntl (sfd, F_SETFL, flags);
if (s == -1)
{
perror ("fcntl");
return -1;
}
return 0;
}
static int
create_and_bind (char *port)
{
struct addrinfo hints;
struct addrinfo *result, *rp;
int s, sfd;
memset (&hints, 0, sizeof (struct addrinfo));
hints.ai_family = AF_UNSPEC; /* Return IPv4 and IPv6 choices */
hints.ai_socktype = SOCK_STREAM; /* We want a TCP socket */
hints.ai_flags = AI_PASSIVE; /* All interfaces */
s = getaddrinfo (NULL, port, &hints, &result);
if (s != 0)
{
fprintf (stderr, "getaddrinfo: %s\n", gai_strerror (s));
return -1;
}
for (rp = result; rp != NULL; rp = rp->ai_next)
{
sfd = socket (rp->ai_family, rp->ai_socktype, rp->ai_protocol);
if (sfd == -1)
continue;
s = bind (sfd, rp->ai_addr, rp->ai_addrlen);
if (s == 0)
{
/* We managed to bind successfully! */
break;
}
close (sfd);
}
if (rp == NULL)
{
fprintf (stderr, "Could not bind\n");
return -1;
}
freeaddrinfo (result);
return sfd;
}
int
main (int argc, char *argv[])
{
int sfd, s;
int efd;
struct epoll_event event;
struct epoll_event *events;
if (argc != 2)
{
fprintf (stderr, "Usage: %s [port]\n", argv[0]);
exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
}
sfd = create_and_bind (argv[1]);
if (sfd == -1)
abort ();
s = make_socket_non_blocking (sfd);
if (s == -1)
abort ();
s = listen (sfd, SOMAXCONN);
if (s == -1)
{
perror ("listen");
abort ();
}
efd = epoll_create1 (0);
if (efd == -1)
{
perror ("epoll_create");
abort ();
}
event.data.fd = sfd;
event.events = EPOLLIN | EPOLLET;
s = epoll_ctl (efd, EPOLL_CTL_ADD, sfd, &event);
if (s == -1)
{
perror ("epoll_ctl");
abort ();
}
/* Buffer where events are returned */
events = calloc (MAXEVENTS, sizeof event);
/* The event loop */
while (1)
{
int n, i;
n = epoll_wait (efd, events, MAXEVENTS, -1);
for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
if ((events[i].events & EPOLLERR) ||
(events[i].events & EPOLLHUP) ||
(!(events[i].events & EPOLLIN)))
{
/* An error has occured on this fd, or the socket is not
ready for reading (why were we notified then?) */
fprintf (stderr, "epoll error\n");
close (events[i].data.fd);
continue;
}
else if (sfd == events[i].data.fd)
{
/* We have a notification on the listening socket, which
means one or more incoming connections. */
while (1)
{
struct sockaddr in_addr;
socklen_t in_len;
int infd;
char hbuf[NI_MAXHOST], sbuf[NI_MAXSERV];
in_len = sizeof in_addr;
infd = accept (sfd, &in_addr, &in_len);
if (infd == -1)
{
if ((errno == EAGAIN) ||
(errno == EWOULDBLOCK))
{
/* We have processed all incoming
connections. */
break;
}
else
{
perror ("accept");
break;
}
}
s = getnameinfo (&in_addr, in_len,
hbuf, sizeof hbuf,
sbuf, sizeof sbuf,
NI_NUMERICHOST | NI_NUMERICSERV);
if (s == 0)
{
printf("Accepted connection on descriptor %d "
"(host=%s, port=%s)\n", infd, hbuf, sbuf);
}
/* Make the incoming socket non-blocking and add it to the
list of fds to monitor. */
s = make_socket_non_blocking (infd);
if (s == -1)
abort ();
event.data.fd = infd;
event.events = EPOLLIN | EPOLLET;
s = epoll_ctl (efd, EPOLL_CTL_ADD, infd, &event);
if (s == -1)
{
perror ("epoll_ctl");
abort ();
}
}
continue;
}
else
{
/* We have data on the fd waiting to be read. Read and
display it. We must read whatever data is available
completely, as we are running in edge-triggered mode
and won't get a notification again for the same
data. */
int done = 0;
while (1)
{
ssize_t count;
char buf[512];
count = read (events[i].data.fd, buf, sizeof buf);
if (count == -1)
{
/* If errno == EAGAIN, that means we have read all
data. So go back to the main loop. */
if (errno != EAGAIN)
{
perror ("read");
done = 1;
}
break;
}
else if (count == 0)
{
/* End of file. The remote has closed the
connection. */
done = 1;
break;
}
/* Write the buffer to standard output */
s = write (1, buf, count);
if (s == -1)
{
perror ("write");
abort ();
}
}
if (done)
{
printf ("Closed connection on descriptor %d\n",
events[i].data.fd);
/* Closing the descriptor will make epoll remove it
from the set of descriptors which are monitored. */
close (events[i].data.fd);
}
}
}
}
free (events);
close (sfd);
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}参考资料:
《epoll详解》
原文:http://blog.csdn.net/chenhanzhun/article/details/42747127