下载地址：别人写好的playbook:http://galaxy.ansible.com/
YAML语言简介
语法：
List：列表，其所有元素均使用“-”打头
# A list of tasty fruits - Apple - Orange - Strawberry - Mango
Dictionary：字典，通常由多个key与value构成
# An employee record name: Example Developer job: Developer skill: Elite 也可以将key:value放置于{}中进行表示，用,分隔多个key:value ?示例： --- # An employee record {name: Example Developer, job: Developer, skill: Elite}
缩进很重要！！！ #hello world yml file - hosts: dbserver remote_user: root tasks: - name: hello world command: /usr/bin/wall hello world
PlayBook核心元素
PlayBook基础组件
Hosts：
playbook中的每一个play的目的都是为了让某个或某些主机以某个指定的用
户身份执行任务。hosts用于指定要执行指定任务的主机，须事先定义在主机
清单中
可以是如下形式：
one.example.com one.example.com:two.example.com 192.168.1.50 192.168.1.*
#
- hosts: 192.168.1.50
remote_user:
可用于Host和task中。也可以通过指定其通过sudo的方式在远程主机上执行任务，其可用于play全局或某任务；此外，甚至可以在sudo时使用sudo_user指定sudo时切换的用户
- hosts: websrvs remote_user: root tasks: - name: test connection ping: remote_user: magedu sudo: yes #默认sudo为root sudo_user:wang #sudo为wang
task列表和action
tasks：任务列表
格式：(1) action: module arguments
(2) module: arguments 建议使用
注意：shell和command模块后面跟命令，而非key=value
--- - hosts: dbserver #作用主机 remote_user: root #使用的用户 tasks: - name: install httpd #安装的描述 yum: name=httpd #模块名及参数 - name: start httpd #安装的描述 service: name=httpd state=started enabled=yes #模块名及参数
Shell与PlayBook 对比案例
--- - hosts: webserver remote_user: root tasks: - name: "安装Apache" yum: name=httpd - name: "复制配置文件" copy: src=/tmp/httpd.conf dest=/etc/httpd/conf/ - name: "复制配置文件" copy: src=/tmp/vhosts.conf dest=/etc/httpd/conf.d/ - name: "启动Apache,并设置开机启动" service: name=httpd state=started enabled=yes
#！/bin/bash #安装Apache yum install --quiet -y httpd #复制配置文件 cp /tmp/httpd.confg /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf cp /tmp/vhosts.conf /etc/httpd/conf. #启动Apache，并设置开机启动 systemctl enable --now httpd
tasks: - name: disable selinux command: /sbin/setenforce 0
Playbook命令
运行playbook的方式
ansible-playbook <filename.yml> ... [options]
常见选项
ansible-playbook file.yml --check 只检测 ansible-playbook file.yml ansible-playbook file.yml --limit websrvs
示例：
1、利用pyaybook创建mysql用户：mysql_user.yml
--- - hosts: dbserver remote_user: root tasks: - name: "创建组" group: name=mysql system=yes gid=306 - name: "创建用户" user: name=mysql shell=/sbin/nologin system=yes group=mysql uid=306 home=/data/mysql create_home=no
2、安装nginx
--- #install nginx - hosts: testserver remote_user: root #上面那条命令是为了不收集远程主机的信息 tasks: - name: add group nginx group: name=nginx state=present - name: add user nginx user: name=nginx state=present group=nginx - name: install nginx yum: name=nginx state=present - name: start nginx service: name=nginx state=started enabled=yes
Handlers和notify结合使用出发条件
Handlers
是task列表，这些task与前述的task并没有本质上的不同,用于当关注的资源发生变化时，才会采取一定的操作
Notify此action可用于在每个play的最后被触发，这样可避免多次有改变发生时每次都执行指定的操作，仅在所有的变化发生完成后一次性地执行指定操作。在notify中列出的操作称为handler，也即notify中调用handler中定义的操作
Playbook中handlers使用
--- - hosts: websrvs remote_user: root tasks: - name: Install httpd yum: name=httpd state=present - name: Install configure file copy: src=files/httpd.conf dest=/etc/httpd/conf/ notify: restart httpd #如果配置文件发生变化，将触发handlers - name: ensure apache is running service: name=httpd state=started enabled=yes handlers: - name: restart httpd service: name=httpd status=restarted
--- - hosts: webserver remote_user: root tasks: - name: add group nginx group: name=nginx state=present - name: add user nginx user: name=nginx state=present group=nginx - name: install nginx yum: name=nginx state=present - name: config copy: src=/root/config.txt dest=/etc/nginx/nginx.conf notify: - Restart Nginx - Check Nginx process handlers: - name: Restart Nginx service: name=nginx state=restarted enabled=yes - name: Check Nginx process shell: killall -0 nginx &> /tmp/nginx.log
Playbook中tags使用
在playbook文件中，可以利用tags组件，为特定task指定标签，当在执行playbook时，可以只执行特定tags的task，而3不是整个playbook。
案例：
--- - hosts: websrvs remote_user: root tasks: - name: add group nginx tags: user user: name=nginx state=present - name: add user nginx
tages: group user: name=nginx state=present group=nginx - name: Install Nginx yum: name=nginx state=present - name: config copy: src=/root/config.txt dest=/etc/nginx/nginx.conf notify: - Restart Nginx - Check Nginx Process handlers: - name: Restart Nginx service: name=nginx state=restarted enabled=yes - name: Check Nginx process shell: killall -0 nginx > /tmp/nginx.log
ansible-playbook -t user,group install_nginx.yml
Playbook 中变量的使用
变量名：仅能由字母、数字和下划线组成，且只能以字母开头
变量来源：
1、ansible setup facts 远程主机的所有变量都可直接调用（需要在playbook中调用）
2、在/etc/ansible/hosts中定义
普通变量：主机组中主机单独定义，优先级高于公共变量
公共（组）变量：针对主机组中所有主机定义统一变量
3、通过命令行指定变量，优先级最高
ansible-playbook –e varname=value
4、在playbook中定义
vars: - var1: value1 - var2: value2
5、在独立的变量YAML文件中定义
6、在role中定义
变量命名：变量名仅能由字母、数字和下划线组成，且只能以字母开头
变量定义：key=value
变量的调用方式：
通过{{ variable_name }} 调用变量，且变量名前后必须有空格，有时用 “{{ variable_name }}”才生效 ansible-playbook –e 选项指定 ansible-playbook test.yml -e "hosts=www user=magedu"
示例：通过playbook中setup中的变量来创建文件
--- - hosts: webserver remote_user: root tasks: - name: create log file file: name=/var/log/{{ ansible_nodename }}.log state=touch
示例：在playbook文件中使用自定义变量
1、ansible-playbook -e "username=user2 groupname=group2” var2.yml
备注：可再执行playbook时，使用-e参数指定变量，来运行yml，内容中用{{}} 引用次变量
--- - hosts: websrvs remote_user: root vars: - username: user1 - groupname: group1 tasks: - name: create group group: name={{ groupname }} state=present - name: create user user: name={{ username }} state=present #ansible-playbook var.yml #ansible-playbook -e "username=user2 groupname=group2” var2.yml
示例：使用变量文件
--- #cat vars.yml #var1: httpd #var2: nginx #cat var.yml - hosts: web remote_user: root vars_files: - vars.yml tasks: - name: create httpd log file: name=/app/{{ var1 }}.log state=touch - name: create nginx log file: name=/app/{{ var2 }}.log state=touch
主机清单中定义变量
在inventory主机清单文件中为指定的主机定义的变量，方便与在playbook中使用
范例：
--- #/etc/ansible/hosts [webserver] www1.baidu.com http_port=80 maxRequestsPerChild=808 www2.baidu.com http_port=8080 maxRequestsPerChild=909
在inventory主机清单文件中赋予给指定组内所有主机上的在playbook中可用的变量
--- #/etc/ansible/hosts #普通变量 [testserver] 192.168.170.130 http_port=80 hname=www1 192.168.170.131 http_port=8080 hname=www2 #公共（组）变量 [webserver:vars] mark="_" [webserver] 192.168.1.100 http_port=8080 hname=www1 192.168.1.200 http_port=80 hname=www2 #ansible webserver -m hostname -a ‘name={{ hname }}{{ mark }}{{ http_prot }}‘
#修改主机名
Template模板
模板是一个文本文件，可用做为生成模板的模板，切模板可用嵌套jinjia的语法
templates功能：根据模块文件动态生成对应的配置文件
jinjia2语言还用IMiNLI能否，有下面形式：
算术运算符：+, -, *, /, //, %, **
比较操作：==, !=, >, >=, <, <=
逻辑运算：and, or, not
流表达式：For If When
templates文件必须存放于templates目录下，且命名为 .j2 结尾
yaml/yml 文件需和templates目录平级，目录结构如下：
./ ├── temnginx.yml
└── templates
└── nginx.conf.j2
Templates示例：：利用templates 同步nginx配置文件
准备templates/nginx.conf.j2文件（我做实验把原来的nginx配置渐渐拷贝过来，加了个j2后缀）
--- - hosts: testserver remote_user: root tasks: - name: install nginx yum: name=nginx state=present - name: template config to remote hosts template: src=nginx.conf.j2 dest=/etc/nginx/nginx.conf - name: start nginx serivce serivce: name=nginx state=started enabled=yes
tmplates 算术运算
vim nginx.conf.j2 worker_processes {{ ansible_processor_vcpus**2 }}; worker_processes {{ ansible_processor_vcpus+2 }}; #使用收集的cpu的变量，改变nginx的线程情况，
tmplate中使用流程控制for和if
tmplate中也可以使用流程控制for循环和if条件判断，实现动态生成文件功能
--- - hosts: testserver remote_user: root vars: nginx_vhosts: - listen: 8080 tasks: -name: config file template: src=nginx.conf.j2 dest=/data/nginx2.conf #templates /nginx.conf.j2 #类似与python django的模板语言， {% for vhost in nginx_vhosts %} server{ listen {{ vhost.listen }} } {% endfor %} #最终生成了 server{ listen 8080 }
if
--- - hosts: mageduweb remote_user: root vars: nginx_vhosts: - web1 - web2 - web3 tasks: - name: template config template: src=nginx.conf.j2 dest=/etc/nginx/nginx.conf
{% for vhost in
nginx_vhosts %}
server {
listen {{ vhost }}
}
{% endfor %}
#生成结果如下
server {
listen web1
}
server {
listen web2
}
server {
listen web3
}
playbook中的when
条件测试:如果需要根据变量、facts或此前任务的执行结果来做为某task执行与 否的前提时要用到条件测试,通过when语句实现，在task中使用
示例1
tasks: - name: "shutdown RedHat flavored systems" command: /sbin/shutdown -h now when: ansible_os_family == "RedHat
示例2：当操作系统版本是6的话就不执行
--- - hosts: websrvs remote_user: root tasks: - name: add group nginx tags: user user: name=nginx state=present - name: add user nginx user: name=nginx state=present group=nginx - name: Install Nginx yum: name=nginx state=present - name: restart Nginx service: name=nginx state=restarted when: ansible_distribution_major_version == "6"
迭代with_items
示例1
- name: add several users user: name={{ item }} state=present groups=wheel with_items: - testuser1 - testuser2
上面语句的功能等同与下面的语句：
- name: add user testuser1 user: name=testuser1 state=present groups=wheel - name: add user testuser2 user: name=testuser2 state=present groups=wheel
示例2：将多个文件进行copy到被控端
--- - hosts: testsrv remote_user: root tasks: - name: Create rsyncd config copy: src={{ item }} dest=/etc/{{ item }} with_items: - rsyncd.secrets - rsyncd.conf
- hosts: websrvs remote_user: root tasks: - name: copy file copy: src={{ item }} dest=/tmp/{{ item }} with_items: - file1 - file2 - file3 - name: yum install httpd yum: name={{ item }} state=present with_items: - apr - apr-util - httpd
示例：迭代嵌套子变量
- hosts: websrvs remote_user: root tasks: - name: add some groups group: name={{ item }} state=present with_items: - group1 - group2 - group3 - name: add some users user: name={{ item.name }} group={{ item.group }} state=present with_items: - { name: ‘user1‘, group: ‘group1‘ } - { name: ‘user2‘, group: ‘group2‘ } - { name: ‘user3‘, group: ‘group3‘ }
Ansible ：YML/Playbook/Template
原文：https://www.cnblogs.com/sunjinchao/p/14425635.html