教授学者们通常会规范写作标准，制定如何撰写硕博士美国Essay与学术Essay以及格式要求。学术界所评定的标准植基于以何种撰写方式会被认可，何种撰写方式则会被拒绝。
The community of scholars has rules that govern how dissertations,theses and other academic essays are composed and formatted.Academic convention has established what is acceptable and what is not.
Wanted:Formal,unambiguous expression写作要求－正式、明确的表达
This is the third tip devoted to language.To“precise word choice”and“appropriate voice”is added another writing consideration:tone.The word refers to the type or manner of expression required in academic essays.In a word,the tone is to be“formal.”Another word for it might be“professional,”in the sense that a writer conforms to a standard of the academic profession.
学术写作注意事项中的第三点，除了技巧五「准确的遣词用字」与技巧六「适当的第三人称与主动」外，应该注意的下一个原则就是语调。所谓的语调就是学术Essay所要求的表达风格。简言之，写作时应该使用「正式」的语调，换个词来解释，那就是「专业感」。写作必须合乎学术界的专业要求。
“Formal writing”does not imply the use of pretentious language,which can be characterized as stilted or pompous or stiff.Rather,formal writing acknowledges a essay‘s seriousness of subject and gravity of purpose.Formal language does not pretend to do anything beyond communicate clearly.Adjectives that merely adorn are unwelcome;florid prose is particularly inappropriate.
「正式写作」并不意味着使用矫揉造作的用词，因为这样会让Essay显得生硬、浮夸且僵化。正式写作透露出，作者清楚了解到Essay主题的严肃，撰写目的之慎重。除了清楚表达旨意外，正式写作不需无谓的矫饰：具装饰目的的形容词不受欢迎，华丽的行文更是格格不入。
Informal writing violates these principles because its purpose is entirely different.Informal language entertains,or casually conveys a message.It exaggerates for literary or humorous effect and otherwise embellishes a central thought with whimsical flourishes.All of this is laudable when in character.However,it is entirely out of character for a purposeful academic essay.
非正式写作违反这些原则，主要原因在于写作目的完全不同。非正式的写作Essay，目的是娱乐读者，或以随性表现来传达讯息。为展现文学、幽默的口吻，非正式写作的作者随时可夸饰或以滑稽、华丽的词藻修饰Essay的中心论点。只要写作得当，这些手法固然值得嘉奖；然而，对严谨的学术Essay而言，这类风格显然极不适当。
Nor is scholarly writing marked by emotional intrusions.Scholarship,after all,is an intellectual exercise.Academic essays are dedicated to ideas,not feelings.Thinking,not emoting,should drive a serious academic writer.The language employed in the essay should have the tensile strength of a tempered thought,rather than the ductile strength of an emotional appeal.
学术写作也不应掺杂个人情绪。学术作品毕竟是智识的结晶，而Essay的重心是论点，不该是情感。促使写作者的动力应该是来自创新思考而非个人情绪。Essay代写的论据应该是历经千锤百炼所获的坚定实证，而非诉诸情感的柔弱论点。
As a rule,shorthand expression is not acceptable in an academic essay.Therefore,contractions are out.Abbreviations should be avoided.Jargon is inappropriate,whether elevated,as in specialized technical language,or demeaning,as in a pejorative gibe.Any truncated or colloquial expression invites ambiguity.For a essay to endure,it must be expressed in enduring language.
一般来说，「简写」难登大雅之堂。其中包括，缩写不宜出现；长字不可被缩短；技术行话，不论多专业或是多富含技术性，此类意含嘲讽的写法皆不宜使用。任何缩写或口语的用法只会模糊句意。Essay若想名垂不朽，就必须用经得起时间考验的字词写作Essay。
All of this should come naturally for a writer whose sole purpose is to honestly share insight and discovered truth.The substance of a essay should be enough to induce in a reader the hoped-for sense of pleasure and revelation.Attempts to artificially convey such sensations through artful word choice usually boomerang.Clear,unadorned writing lets a reader see a essay‘s real worth.
学术Essay作者的中心目的，只要忠实表达独特洞见与发现新的实证论据，那么他的写作自然而然会合乎上述一切原则，单凭Essay表述的内容就足以使读者如获至宝般的喜悦与受到启发。倘若试图以华丽造作的言词来追求这种喜悦与成就，通常是自曝其短、行不通的。清楚、朴实的写作手法，便足以让读者感受Essay的真正价值。
原文：https://www.cnblogs.com/MeelounEssay/p/14351803.html