语法书 - 第四讲

第四讲 动词和时态

动词

系动词

分类

• be

• 感官动词

  look, feel, smell, sound, taste

• 变化

  (be)come, get, grow, turn, go

• 保持

  keep, stay, remain

区分

将动词替换成be，观察句子是否仍然成立。

主动表被动

实义动词

及物与不及物

• 例子

  • sit - seat
  • rise - raise

• [vi. + adv. / prep构成及物的动词短语](#固定搭配（非 EIM 生词表内）)

持续与瞬间

? 完成时中，瞬间动词不与一段时间连用。

• 动词转化

  momentary	durative	momentary	durative
  go	be away	come	be here
  come back	be back	leave	be away / not here
  buy	have	borrow	keep
  begin / start	be on	finish	be over
  open	be open	close	be closed
  get to know	know	turn on	be on
  get up	be up	sit down	sit / be seated
  join	be in / a member of	become	be
  die	be dead	marry	be married to

• 句型

  • It is / has been + 时间 + since + 主语 + v.[mom] = 主语 + have / has been + v.[dur] + for + 一段时间

• 瞬间动词否定形式可以与一段时间连用

固定搭配

情态动词

规则

• +动词原形

• 直接提问 / 否定 （助动词）

• 没有人称 / 数

分类

• can, could

  • 表示能力 = be able to do 任意句型
  • 表示准许 Could you please ... ? 任意句型
  • 表示推测 否定句，疑问句
  • could have done
    • 推测过去
    • 虚拟过去（没有发生）

• may, might

  • 表示准许 = can 任意句型

  • 表示推测 肯定句，否定句

    may be = may + be

    maybe adv. \(\Rightarrow\) 或许

  • 表示请示

    • might: 语气非常委婉
    • 否定回答：No, you mustn‘t / you can‘t.

  • 表示目的
    so that ... may ...

  • might have done 推测过去

• must

  • 表示必须
    • 一般用于现在或将来，间接引语中也用作过去（现在式与过去式同形，表将来不加will）。
    • 否定回答：No, you needn‘t / you don‘t have to.
  • 表示推测
    • 语气强烈
    • 否定：can‘t
    • 不用于将来
  • 与 have to 的区别
    • must 表示主观上的必须， have to 表示客观上的必要。
    • have to - had to - will have to
      must - must - must
  • must have done 推测过去（语气强烈）

• need

  • 出现在肯定句中一定是行为动词。
  • 主动表被动

• ought

  • oughtn‘t = ought not
  • to do

Question Tags

时态

过去完成时

“过去的过去”

• 状语从句

  When I got to the station, the train had already left.

  After?he had finished his homework, he went to bed.

  = After he finished his homework, he went to bed.

  before, after 已经明确先后，也可不用完成时

• 宾语从句

  told, said, knew, heard, thought

  主句一般过去时，从句发生先于主句

时间状语

• by / by the end of / before + 过去时间点

上下文

现在完成进行时

意义

• 表示从过去某一时间开始一直在进行并有可能持续下去的动作，强调动作的全过程
• 表示从过去到现在的重复性动作

注意

表示状态、感情、感觉的静态动词如 have, like, hate, wear, know, sound不可用于现在完成进行时（但可用于现在完成时）

时间状语

• for / since

固定搭配

the first time

• 主语从句

  • It is the first time + [主语] + have done sth.
  • It was the first time + [主语] + had done sth.

• 状语从句

  the first time + [主语] + did

(第四讲 专项练习) 17. I don‘t think Jim saw me, he _____ into space.

A. just stared B. was just staring C. has just stared D. had just stared

answer

B. just 也可用于非完成时态

语法书 - 第四讲

原文：https://www.cnblogs.com/Mackerel-Pike/p/12559659.html