Flask是一个基于Python开发并且依赖jinja2模板和Werkzeug WSGI服务的一个微型框架，对于Werkzeug本质是Socket服务端，其用于接收http请求并对请求进行预处理，然后触发Flask框架，开发人员基于Flask框架提供的功能对请求进行相应的处理，并返回给用户，如果要返回给用户复杂的内容时，需要借助jinja2模板来实现对模板的处理，即：将模板和数据进行渲染，将渲染后的字符串返回给用户浏览器。
“微”(micro) 并不表示你需要把整个 Web 应用塞进单个 Python 文件（虽然确实可以 ），也不意味着 Flask 在功能上有所欠缺。微框架中的“微”意味着 Flask 旨在保持核心简单而易于扩展。Flask 不会替你做出太多决策——比如使用何种数据库。而那些 Flask 所选择的——比如使用何种模板引擎——则很容易替换。除此之外的一切都由可由你掌握。如此，Flask 可以与您珠联璧合。
默认情况下，Flask 不包含数据库抽象层、表单验证，或是其它任何已有多种库可以胜任的功能。然而，Flask 支持用扩展来给应用添加这些功能，如同是 Flask 本身实现的一样。众多的扩展提供了数据库集成、表单验证、上传处理、各种各样的开放认证技术等功能。Flask 也许是“微小”的，但它已准备好在需求繁杂的生产环境中投入使用。
from flask import Flask app = Flask(__name__) @app.route(‘/‘) def hello_world(): return ‘Hello World!‘ if __name__ == ‘__main__‘: app.run()
flask中的配置文件是一个flask.config.Config对象（继承字典）,默认配置为：
{ ‘DEBUG‘:False, ‘TESTING‘:False, ‘PROPAGATE_EXCEPTIONS‘: None, ‘PRESERVE_CONTEXT_ON_EXCEPTION‘: None, ‘SECRET_KEY‘: None, ‘PERMANENT_SESSION_LIFETIME‘: timedelta(days=31), ‘USE_X_SENDFILE‘: False, ‘LOGGER_NAME‘: None, ‘LOGGER_HANDLER_POLICY‘: ‘always‘, ‘SERVER_NAME‘: None, ‘APPLICATION_ROOT‘: None, ‘SESSION_COOKIE_NAME‘: ‘session‘, ‘SESSION_COOKIE_DOMAIN‘: None, ‘SESSION_COOKIE_PATH‘: None, ‘SESSION_COOKIE_HTTPONLY‘: True, ‘SESSION_COOKIE_SECURE‘: False, ‘SESSION_REFRESH_EACH_REQUEST‘: True, ‘MAX_CONTENT_LENGTH‘: None, ‘SEND_FILE_MAX_AGE_DEFAULT‘: timedelta(hours=12), ‘TRAP_BAD_REQUEST_ERRORS‘: False, ‘TRAP_HTTP_EXCEPTIONS‘: False, ‘EXPLAIN_TEMPLATE_LOADING‘: False, ‘PREFERRED_URL_SCHEME‘: ‘http‘, ‘JSON_AS_ASCII‘: True, ‘JSON_SORT_KEYS‘: True, ‘JSONIFY_PRETTYPRINT_REGULAR‘: True, ‘JSONIFY_MIMETYPE‘: ‘application/json‘, ‘TEMPLATES_AUTO_RELOAD‘: None, }
app.config[‘DEBUG‘] = True
PS： 由于Config对象本质上是字典，所以还可以使用app.config.update(...)
settings.py
DEBUG = True
app.config.from_pyfile("settings.py")
app.config.from_envvar("环境变量名称")
环境变量的值为python文件名称名称，内部调用from_pyfile方法
app.config.from_json("json文件名称")
JSON文件名称，必须是json格式，因为内部会执行json.loads
app.config.from_mapping({‘DEBUG‘:True})
字典格式
app.config.from_object("python类或类的路径")
app.config.from_object(‘pro_flask.settings.TestingConfig‘)
settings.py
class Config(object):
DEBUG = False
TESTING = False
DATABASE_URI = ‘sqlite://:memory:‘
class ProductionConfig(Config):
DATABASE_URI = ‘mysql://user@localhost/foo‘
class DevelopmentConfig(Config):
DEBUG = True
class TestingConfig(Config):
TESTING = True
PS: 从sys.path中已经存在路径开始写
PS: settings.py文件默认路径要放在程序root_path目录，如果instance_relative_config 为True，则就是instance_path目录
1 @app.route(‘/user/<username>‘)
3 @app.route(‘/post/<int:post_id>‘)
5 @app.route(‘/post/<float:post_id>‘)
7 @app.route(‘/post/<path:path>‘)
9 @app.route(‘/login‘, methods=[‘GET‘, ‘POST‘])
常用路由系统有以上五种，所有的路由系统都是基于一下对应关系来处理：
DEFAULT_CONVERTERS = {
‘default‘:UnicodeConverter,
‘string‘:UnicodeConverter,
‘any‘:AnyConverter,
‘path‘:PathConverter,
‘int‘:IntegerConverter,
‘float‘:FloatConverter,
‘uuid‘:UUIDConverter,
}
def auth(func):
def inner(*args, **kwargs):
print(‘before‘)
result = func(*args, **kwargs)
print(‘after‘)
return result
return inner
@app.route(‘/index.html‘, methods=[‘GET‘, ‘POST‘], endpoint=‘index‘)
@auth
def index():
return ‘Index‘
或
def index():
return "Index"
self.add_url_rule(rule=‘/index.html‘, endpoint="index", view_func=index, methods=["GET","POST"])
or
app.add_url_rule(rule=‘/index.html‘, endpoint="index", view_func=index, methods=["GET","POST"])
app.view_functions[‘index‘] = index
或
def auth(func):
def inner(*args, **kwargs):
print(‘before‘)
result = func(*args, **kwargs)
print(‘after‘)
return result
return inner
class IndexView(views.View):
methods = [‘GET‘]
decorators = [auth, ]
def dispatch_request(self):
print(‘Index‘)
return ‘Index!‘
app.add_url_rule(‘/index‘, view_func=IndexView.as_view(name=‘index‘)) # name=endpoint
或
class IndexView(views.MethodView):
methods = [‘GET‘]
decorators = [auth, ]
def get(self):
return ‘Index.GET‘
def post(self):
return ‘Index.POST‘
app.add_url_rule(‘/index‘, view_func=IndexView.as_view(name=‘index‘)) # name=endpoint
@app.route和app.add_url_rule参数：
1 rule,URL规则 3 view_func, 视图函数名称 5 defaults=None, 默认值,当URL中无参数，函数需要参数时，使用 defaults={‘k‘:‘v‘}为函数提供参数 7 endpoint=None, 名称，用于反向生成URL，即： url_for(‘名称‘) 9 methods=None, 允许的请求方式，如：["GET","POST"]
strict_slashes=None,对URL最后的 / 符号是否严格要求，
如：
1 @app.route(‘/index‘,strict_slashes=False)，
访问 http://www.xx.com/index/ 或 http://www.xx.com/index均可
1 @app.route(‘/index‘,strict_slashes=True)
仅访问 http://www.xx.com/index
redirect_to=None, 重定向到指定地址
如：
1 @app.route(‘/index/<int:nid>‘, redirect_to=‘/home/<nid>‘)
或
def func(adapter, nid): return "/home/888" @app.route(‘/index/<int:nid>‘, redirect_to=func)
subdomain=None, 子域名访问
from flask import Flask, views, url_for app = Flask(import_name=__name__) app.config[‘SERVER_NAME‘] = ‘wupeiqi.com:5000‘
@app.route("/", subdomain="admin") def static_index(): """
Flask supports static subdomains This is available at static.your-domain.tld
""" return "static.your-domain.tld" @app.route("/dynamic", subdomain="<username>") def username_index(username): """
Dynamic subdomains are also supported Try going to user1.your-domain.tld/dynamic
""" return username + ".your-domain.tld" if __name__ == ‘__main__‘: app.run()
from flask import Flask, views, url_for from werkzeug.routing import BaseConverter app = Flask(import_name=__name__) class RegexConverter(BaseConverter): """ 自定义URL匹配正则表达式 """ def __init__(self, map, regex): super(RegexConverter, self).__init__(map) self.regex = regex def to_python(self, value): """ 路由匹配时，匹配成功后传递给视图函数中参数的值 :param value: :return: """ return int(value) def to_url(self, value): """ 使用url_for反向生成URL时，传递的参数经过该方法处理，返回的值用于生成 URL中的参数 :param value: :return: """ val = super(RegexConverter, self).to_url(value) return val # 添加到flask中 app.url_map.converters[‘regex‘] = RegexConverter @app.route(‘/index/<regex("\d+"):nid>‘) def index(nid): print(url_for(‘index‘, nid=‘888‘)) return ‘Index‘ if __name__ == ‘__main__‘: app.run()
1、模板的使用
Flask使用的是Jinja2模板，所以其语法和Django无差别
2、自定义模板方法
Flask中自定义模板方法的方式和Bottle相似，创建一个函数并通过参数的形式传入 render_template，如：
html：
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head lang="en"> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title></title> </head> <body> <h1>自定义函数</h1> {{ww()|safe}} </body> </html>
run.py：
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- from flask import Flask,render_template
app = Flask(__name__) def wupeiqi(): return ‘<h1>Wupeiqi</h1>‘
@app.route(‘/login‘, methods=[‘GET‘, ‘POST‘]) def login(): return render_template(‘login.html‘, ww=wupeiqi)
app.run()
其他：
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Title</title> </head> <body> {% macro input(name, type=‘text‘, value=‘‘) %} <input type="{{ type }}" name="{{ name }}" value="{{ value }}"> {% endmacro %} {{ input(‘n1‘) }} {% include ‘tp.html‘ %} <h1>asdf{{ v.k1}}</h1> </body> </html>
from flask import request from flask import render_template from flask import redirect from flask import make_response app = Flask(__name__) @app.route(‘/login.html‘, methods=[‘GET‘, "POST"]) def login(): # 请求相关信息 ===================================================================== # request.method # request.args # request.form # request.values # request.cookies # request.headers # request.path # request.full_path # request.script_root # request.url # request.base_url # request.url_root # request.host_url # request.host # request.files # obj = request.files[‘the_file_name‘] # obj.save(‘/var/www/uploads/‘ + secure_filename(f.filename)) # 响应相关信息 =================================================================== # return "字符串" # return render_template(‘html模板路径‘,**{}) # return redirect(‘/index.html‘) # response = make_response(render_template(‘index.html‘)) # response是flask.wrappers.Response类型 # response.delete_cookie(‘key‘) # response.set_cookie(‘key‘, ‘value‘) # response.headers[‘X-Something‘] = ‘A value‘ # return response return "内容" if __name__ == ‘__main__‘: app.run()
除请求对象之外，还有一个 session 对象。它允许你在不同请求间存储特定用户的信息。 它是在 Cookies 的基础上实现的，并且对 Cookies 进行密钥签名要使用会话，你需要设 置一个密钥。
1 设置：session[‘username‘] ＝ ‘xxx‘ 3 删除：session.pop(‘username‘, None)
from flask import Flask, session, redirect, url_for, escape, request app = Flask(__name__) @app.route(‘/‘) def index(): if ‘username‘ in session: return ‘Logged in as %s‘ % escape(session[‘username‘]) return ‘You are not logged in‘ @app.route(‘/login‘, methods=[‘GET‘, ‘POST‘]) def login(): if request.method == ‘POST‘: session[‘username‘] = request.form[‘username‘] return redirect(url_for(‘index‘)) return ‘‘‘ <form action="" method="post"> <p><input type=text name=username> <p><input type=submit value=Login> </form> ‘‘‘ @app.route(‘/logout‘) def logout(): # remove the username from the session if it‘s there session.pop(‘username‘, None) return redirect(url_for(‘index‘)) # set the secret key. keep this really secret: app.secret_key = ‘A0Zr98j/3yX R~XHH!jmN]LWX/,?RT‘
1 pip3 install Flask-Session
run.py：
from flask import Flask from flask import session from pro_flask.utils.session import MySessionInterface app = Flask(__name__) app.secret_key = ‘A0Zr98j/3yX R~XHH!jmN]LWX/,?RT‘ app.session_interface = MySessionInterface() @app.route(‘/login.html‘, methods=[‘GET‘, "POST"]) def login(): print(session) session[‘user1‘] = ‘alex‘ session[‘user2‘] = ‘alex‘ del session[‘user2‘] return "内容" if __name__ == ‘__main__‘: app.run()
session.py：
import uuid import json import redis from flask.sessions import SessionInterface from flask.sessions import SessionMixin from itsdangerous import Signer, BadSignature, want_bytes class MySession(dict, SessionMixin): def __init__(self, initial=None, sid=None): self.sid = sid self.initial = initial super(MySession, self).__init__(initial or ()) def __setitem__(self, key, value): super(MySession, self).__setitem__(key, value) def __getitem__(self, item): return super(MySession, self).__getitem__(item) def __delitem__(self, key): super(MySession, self).__delitem__(key) class MySessionInterface(SessionInterface): session_class = MySession container = {} def __init__(self): self.redis = redis.Redis() def _generate_sid(self): return str(uuid.uuid4()) def _get_signer(self, app): if not app.secret_key: return None return Signer(app.secret_key, salt=‘flask-session‘, key_derivation=‘hmac‘) def open_session(self, app, request): """ 程序刚启动时执行，需要返回一个session对象 """ sid = request.cookies.get(app.session_cookie_name) if not sid: sid = self._generate_sid() return self.session_class(sid=sid) signer = self._get_signer(app) try: sid_as_bytes = signer.unsign(sid) sid = sid_as_bytes.decode() except BadSignature: sid = self._generate_sid() return self.session_class(sid=sid) # session保存在redis中 # val = self.redis.get(sid) # session保存在内存中 val = self.container.get(sid) if val is not None: try: data = json.loads(val) return self.session_class(data, sid=sid) except: return self.session_class(sid=sid) return self.session_class(sid=sid) def save_session(self, app, session, response): """ 程序结束前执行，可以保存session中所有的值 如： 保存到resit 写入到用户cookie """ domain = self.get_cookie_domain(app) path = self.get_cookie_path(app) httponly = self.get_cookie_httponly(app) secure = self.get_cookie_secure(app) expires = self.get_expiration_time(app, session) val = json.dumps(dict(session)) # session保存在redis中 # self.redis.setex(name=session.sid, value=val, time=app.permanent_session_lifetime) # session保存在内存中 self.container.setdefault(session.sid, val) session_id = self._get_signer(app).sign(want_bytes(session.sid)) response.set_cookie(app.session_cookie_name, session_id,expires=expires, httponly=httponly,domain=domain, path=path, secure=secure)
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- """ pip3 install redis pip3 install flask-session """ from flask import Flask, session, redirect from flask.ext.session import Session app = Flask(__name__) app.debug = True app.secret_key = ‘asdfasdfasd‘ app.config[‘SESSION_TYPE‘] = ‘redis‘ from redis import Redis app.config[‘SESSION_REDIS‘] = Redis(host=‘192.168.0.94‘,port=‘6379‘) Session(app) @app.route(‘/login‘) def login(): session[‘username‘] = ‘alex‘ return redirect(‘/index‘) @app.route(‘/index‘) def index(): name = session[‘username‘] return name if __name__ == ‘__main__‘: app.run()
蓝图用于为应用提供目录划分：
目录结构：
run.py:详细代码：
from pro_flask import app if __name__ == ‘__main__‘: app.run()
__init__.py:
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- from flask import Flask from .views.account import account from .views.blog import blog from .views.user import user app=Flask(__name__,template_folder=‘templates‘,static_folder=‘statics‘,static_url_path=‘/static‘) app.register_blueprint(account) app.register_blueprint(blog) app.register_blueprint(user)
Account.py:
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- from flask import Blueprint from flask import render_template from flask import request account = Blueprint(‘account‘, __name__) @account.route(‘/login.html‘, methods=[‘GET‘, "POST"]) def login(): return render_template(‘login.html‘)
Blog.py:
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- from flask import Blueprint blog = Blueprint(‘blog‘, __name__)
User.py
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- from flask import Blueprint user = Blueprint(‘user‘, __name__)
Login.html
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Title</title> </head> <body> <h1>用户登录</h1> <form method="POST"> <input type="text" name="user"/> <input type="submit" value="提交"/> </form> <img src="/static/code.png"> <img src="{{ url_for(‘static‘,filename=‘code.png‘) }}"> </body> </html>
目录结构：
详细代码：
Run.py:
from pro_flask import app if __name__ == ‘__main__‘: app.run()
__init__.py:
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- from flask import Flask from .admin import admin from .web import web app = Flask(__name__) app.debug = True app.register_blueprint(admin, url_prefix=‘/admin‘) app.register_blueprint(web)
Admin/__init__.py:
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- from flask import Blueprint admin = Blueprint(‘admin‘,__name__,template_folder=‘templates‘,static_folder=‘static‘) from . import views
Admin/views.py:
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- from . import admin @admin.route(‘/index‘) def index(): return ‘Admin.Index‘
Web/__init.py:
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- from flask import Blueprint web = Blueprint(‘web‘,__name__,template_folder=‘templates‘,static_folder=‘static‘) from . import views
Web/views.py:
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- from . import web @web.route(‘/index‘) def index(): return ‘Web.Index‘
蓝图URL前缀：xxx = Blueprint(‘account‘, __name__,url_prefix=‘/xxx‘)
蓝图子域名：xxx = Blueprint(‘account‘, __name__,subdomain=‘admin‘)
# 前提需要给配置SERVER_NAME： app.config[‘SERVER_NAME‘] = ‘wupeiqi.com:5000‘
# 访问时：admin.wupeiqi.com:5000/login.html
message是一个基于Session实现的用于保存数据的集合，其特点是：使用一次就删除。
from flask import Flask, flash, redirect, render_template, request, get_flashed_messages app = Flask(__name__) app.secret_key = ‘some_secret‘ @app.route(‘/‘) def index1(): messages = get_flashed_messages() print(messages) return "Index1" @app.route(‘/set‘) def index2(): v = request.args.get(‘p‘) flash(v) return ‘ok‘ if __name__ == "__main__": app.run()
from flask import Flask, flash, redirect, render_template, request app = Flask(__name__) app.secret_key = ‘some_secret‘
@app.route(‘/‘) def index1(): return render_template(‘index.html‘) @app.route(‘/set‘) def index2(): v = request.args.get(‘p‘) flash(v) return ‘ok‘ class MiddleWare: def __init__(self,wsgi_app): self.wsgi_app = wsgi_app
def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs): return self.wsgi_app(*args, **kwargs) if __name__ == "__main__": app.wsgi_app = MiddleWare(app.wsgi_app) app.run(port=9999)
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- from flask import Flask, Request, render_template app = Flask(__name__, template_folder=‘templates‘) app.debug = True @app.before_first_request def before_first_request1(): print(‘before_first_request1‘) @app.before_first_request def before_first_request2(): print(‘before_first_request2‘) @app.before_request def before_request1(): Request.nnn = 123 print(‘before_request1‘) @app.before_request def before_request2(): print(‘before_request2‘) @app.after_request def after_request1(response): print(‘before_request1‘, response) return response @app.after_request def after_request2(response): print(‘before_request2‘, response) return response @app.errorhandler(404) def page_not_found(error): return ‘This page does not exist‘, 404 @app.template_global() def sb(a1, a2): return a1 + a2 @app.template_filter() def db(a1, a2, a3): return a1 + a2 + a3 @app.route(‘/‘) def hello_world(): return render_template(‘hello.html‘) if __name__ == ‘__main__‘: app.run()
调用方式：{{sb(1,2)}} {{ 1|db(2,3)}}
简介:
WTForms是一个支持多个web框架的form组件，主要用于对用户请求数据进行验证。
简单使用:
安装：pip install wtforms
demo1(用户登录)
app.py：from flask import Flask, render_template, request, redirect
from wtforms import Form from wtforms.fields import simple from wtforms import validators from wtforms import widgets app = Flask(__name__, template_folder=‘templates‘) app.debug = True class LoginForm(Form): name = simple.StringField(label=‘用户名‘, validators=[ validators.DataRequired(message=‘用户名不能为空.‘), validators.Length(min=6, max=18, message=‘用户名长度必须大于%(min)d且小于%(max)d‘) ], widget=widgets.TextInput(), render_kw={‘class‘: ‘form-control‘} ) pwd = simple.PasswordField( label=‘密码‘, validators=[ validators.DataRequired(message=‘密码不能为空.‘), validators.Length(min=8, message=‘用户名长度必须大于%(min)d‘), validators.Regexp(regex="^(?=.*[a-z])(?=.*[A-Z])(?=.*\d)(?=.*[$@$!%*?&])[A-Z a-z\d$@$!%*?&]{8,}",message=‘密码至少8个字符，至少1个大写字母，1个 小写字母，1个数字和1个特殊字符‘) ], widget=widgets.PasswordInput(), render_kw={‘class‘: ‘form-control‘} ) @app.route(‘/login‘, methods=[‘GET‘, ‘POST‘]) def login(): if request.method == ‘GET‘: form = LoginForm() return render_template(‘login.html‘, form=form) else: form = LoginForm(formdata=request.form) if form.validate(): print(‘用户提交数据通过格式验证，提交的值为：‘, form.data) else: print(form.errors) return render_template(‘login.html‘, form=form)
if __name__ == ‘__main__‘: app.run()
login.html
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Title</title> </head> <body> <h1>登录</h1> <form method="post"> <!--<input type="text" name="name">--> <p>{{form.name.label}} {{form.name}} {{form.name.errors[0] }}</p> <!--<input type="password" name="pwd">--> <p>{{form.pwd.label}} {{form.pwd}} {{form.pwd.errors[0] }}</p> <input type="submit" value="提交"> </form> </body> </html>
demo2(用户注册)：
app.py
from flask import Flask, render_template, request, redirect
from wtforms import Form
from wtforms.fields import core
from wtforms.fields import html5
from wtforms.fields import simple
from wtforms import validators
from wtforms import widgets
app = Flask(__name__, template_folder=‘templates‘)
app.debug = True
class RegisterForm(Form):
name = simple.StringField(
label=‘用户名‘,
validators=[
validators.DataRequired()
],
widget=widgets.TextInput(),
render_kw={‘class‘: ‘form-control‘},
default=‘alex‘
)
pwd = simple.PasswordField(
label=‘密码‘,
validators=[
validators.DataRequired(message=‘密码不能为空.‘)
],
widget=widgets.PasswordInput(),
render_kw={‘class‘: ‘form-control‘}
)
pwd_confirm = simple.PasswordField(
label=‘重复密码‘,
validators=[
validators.DataRequired(message=‘重复密码不能为空.‘),
validators.EqualTo(‘pwd‘, message="两次密码输入不一致")
],
widget=widgets.PasswordInput(),
render_kw={‘class‘: ‘form-control‘}
)
email = html5.EmailField(
label=‘邮箱‘,
validators=[
validators.DataRequired(message=‘邮箱不能为空.‘),
validators.Email(message=‘邮箱格式错误‘)
],
widget=widgets.TextInput(input_type=‘email‘),
render_kw={‘class‘: ‘form-control‘}
)
gender = core.RadioField(
label=‘性别‘,
choices=(
(1, ‘男‘),
(2, ‘女‘),
),
coerce=int
)
city = core.SelectField(
label=‘城市‘,
choices=(
(‘bj‘, ‘北京‘),
(‘sh‘, ‘上海‘),
)
)
hobby = core.SelectMultipleField(
label=‘爱好‘,
choices=(
(1, ‘篮球‘),
(2, ‘足球‘),
),
coerce=int
)
favor = core.SelectMultipleField(
label=‘喜好‘,
choices=(
(1, ‘篮球‘),
(2, ‘足球‘),
),
widget=widgets.ListWidget(prefix_label=False),
option_widget=widgets.CheckboxInput(),
coerce=int,
default=[1, 2]
)
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
super(RegisterForm, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
self.favor.choices = ((1, ‘篮球‘), (2, ‘足球‘), (3, ‘羽毛球‘))
def validate_pwd_confirm(self, field):
"""
自定义pwd_confirm字段规则，例：与pwd字段是否一致
:param field:
:return:
"""
# 最开始初始化时，self.data中已经有所有的值
if field.data != self.data[‘pwd‘]:
# raise validators.ValidationError("密码不一致") # 继续后续验证
raise validators.StopValidation("密码不一致") # 不再继续后续验证
@app.route(‘/register‘, methods=[‘GET‘, ‘POST‘])
def register():
if request.method == ‘GET‘:
form = RegisterForm(data={‘gender‘: 1})
return render_template(‘register.html‘, form=form)
else:
form = RegisterForm(formdata=request.form)
if form.validate():
print(‘用户提交数据通过格式验证，提交的值为：‘, form.data)
else:
print(form.errors)
return render_template(‘register.html‘, form=form)
if __name__ == ‘__main__‘:
app.run()
register.html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>用户注册</h1>
<form method="post" novalidate style="padding:0 50px">
{% for item in form %}
<p>{{item.label}}: {{item}} {{item.errors[0] }}</p>
{% endfor %}
<input type="submit" value="提交">
</form>
</body>
</html>
如何实现：
源码流程：
1.解释：metaclass
2.实例：form = LoginForm
3.验证：form.validate()
SQLAlchemy项目基础实例
项目结构：
__init__.py：
from flask import Flask
from flask_sqlalchemy import SQLAlchemy
from .views.admin import admin
from .views.shop import shop
db = SQLAlchemy()
from .models import *
def create_app():
app = Flask(__name__, template_folder=‘templates‘, static_folder=‘statics‘, static_url_path=‘/static‘)
# 导入配置文件(以类的形式导入)
app.config.from_object("settings.TsetSesstings")
# 将db注册到app中（在内部读取配置文件） db.init_app(app)
#注册蓝图
app.register_blueprint(admin)
app.register_blueprint(shop)
return app
run.py：
# 程序入口from flask_app import create_app
app = create_app()
if __name__ == ‘__main__‘:
app.run()
settings.py：
# 这是配置文件
# 测试配置
class TsetSesstings():
DEBUG = True
TESTING = True
SECRET_KEY = "djcishcnieodkscj9codscojsojcd0ojc"
‘‘‘
数据库连接配置
SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI‘, ‘sqlite:///:memory:‘
SQLALCHEMY_BINDS‘, None
SQLALCHEMY_NATIVE_UNICODE‘, None
SQLALCHEMY_ECHO‘, False
SQLALCHEMY_RECORD_QUERIES‘, None
SQLALCHEMY_POOL_SIZE‘, None
SQLALCHEMY_POOL_TIMEOUT‘, None
SQLALCHEMY_POOL_RECYCLE‘, None
SQLALCHEMY_MAX_OVERFLOW‘, None
SQLALCHEMY_COMMIT_ON_TEARDOWN‘, False
‘‘‘
SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI = ‘mysql+pymysql://root:密码@localhost:3306/数据库名‘
SQLALCHEMY_POOL_SIZE = 5
SQLALCHEMY_POOL_TIMEOUT = 30
SQLALCHEMY_POOL_RECYCLE = -1
# 追踪对象的修改并且发送信号
SQLALCHEMY_TRACK_MODIFICATIONS = False
# 正式配置
class FormalSettings():
DEBUG = False
TESTING = False
SECRET_KEY = "xfsec@admin!2019(shuijizifuchuan)"
#数据库连接
SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI = ‘mysql+pymysql://root:密码@localhost:3306/数据库名‘
SQLALCHEMY_POOL_SIZE = 5
SQLALCHEMY_POOL_TIMEOUT = 30
SQLALCHEMY_POOL_RECYCLE = -1
# 追踪对象的修改并且发送信号
SQLALCHEMY_TRACK_MODIFICATIONS = False
models.py：
from . import db
class Users1(db.Model):
__tablename__ = "users"
id = db.Column(db.Integer,primary_key=True)
username = db.Column(db.String(50),nullable=False,unique=True)
email = db.Column(db.String(150), nullable=False, unique=True)
def __repr__(self):
return "<Users %r>" %self.username
crcate_tables.py ：
# 这是一个创建数据库表的脚本
from flask_app import db
from flask_app import create_app
app = create_app()
with app.app_context():
db.create_all()
admin.py ：
from flask import Blueprint
from flask import render_template
from flask import request
# 创建app应用
# url_prefix : 路由拼接
# template_folder : 模板路径
admin= Blueprint(‘admin‘, __name__, url_prefix=‘/admin‘, template_folder=‘templates‘)
# 每次请求进来时的操作
@admin.before_request
def process_request(*args, **kwargs):
‘‘‘
判断用户是否登陆
‘‘‘
if request.path == "/admin_dingding_xfsec/login":
print("登录页面不需要登陆！！！")
return None
else:
print("后台每次请求进来时都会执行这个函数")
#每次请求结束时的操作（必须加return 否则会报错！！！）
@admin.after_request
def process_response(response):
print("后台每次请求结束后都会执行这个函数")
return response
@admin.route(‘/login‘, methods=[‘GET‘, "POST"])
def login():
if request.method == "GET":
return "前端登录页面！！！"
else:
pass
@admin.route(‘/index‘, methods=[‘GET‘, "POST"])
def index():
if request.method == "GET":
return "前端首页！！！"
else:
pass
shop.py：
from flask import Blueprintfrom flask import render_templatefrom flask import request
‘‘‘
前端管理函数处理
使用蓝图
创建蓝图实例
创建路由
函数处理‘‘‘
shop = Blueprint(‘shop‘, __name__, template_folder=‘templates‘)
# 每次请求进来时的操作
@shop.before_requestdef process_request(*args, **kwargs):
print("前端每次请求进来时都会执行这个函数")
# 每次请求结束时的操作（必须加return 否则会报错！！！）
@shop.after_requestdef process_response(response):
print("前端每次请求结束后都会执行这个函数")
return response
@shop.route(‘/login‘, methods=[‘GET‘, "POST"])def login():
if request.method == "GET":
return "前端登录页面！！！"
else:
pass
@shop.route(‘/index‘, methods=[‘GET‘, "POST"])def index():
if request.method == "GET":
return "前端首页！！！"
else:
pass
等... http://flask.pocoo.org/extensions/
原文：https://www.cnblogs.com/xingxingnbsp/p/12397155.html