首页 > 数据库技术 > 详细

MySQL数据库之单双表查询

时间:2018-09-25 16:00:02      阅读:154      评论:0      收藏:0      [点我收藏+]

单表查询

先创建表

#创建表
create table employee(
id int not null unique auto_increment,
name varchar(20) not null,
sex enum(male,female) not null default male, #大部分是男的
age int(3) unsigned not null default 28,
hire_date date not null,
post varchar(50),
post_comment varchar(100),
salary double(15,2),
office int, #一个部门一个屋子
depart_id int
);


#查看表结构
mysql> desc employee;
+--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field        | Type                  | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
+--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id           | int(11)               | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
| name         | varchar(20)           | NO   |     | NULL    |                |
| sex          | enum(male,female) | NO   |     | male    |                |
| age          | int(3) unsigned       | NO   |     | 28      |                |
| hire_date    | date                  | NO   |     | NULL    |                |
| post         | varchar(50)           | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| post_comment | varchar(100)          | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| salary       | double(15,2)          | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| office       | int(11)               | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| depart_id    | int(11)               | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
+--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+

#插入记录
#三个部门:教学,销售,运营
insert into employee(name,sex,age,hire_date,post,salary,office,depart_id) values
(egon,male,18,20170301,teacher,7300.33,401,1), #以下是教学部
(alex,male,78,20150302,teacher,1000000.31,401,1),
(wupeiqi,male,81,20130305,teacher,8300,401,1),
(yuanhao,male,73,20140701,teacher,3500,401,1),
(liwenzhou,male,28,20121101,teacher,2100,401,1),
(jingliyang,female,18,20110211,teacher,9000,401,1),
(jinxin,male,18,19000301,teacher,30000,401,1),
(成龙,male,48,20101111,teacher,10000,401,1),

(歪歪,female,48,20150311,sale,3000.13,402,2),#以下是销售部门
(丫丫,female,38,20101101,sale,2000.35,402,2),
(丁丁,female,18,20110312,sale,1000.37,402,2),
(星星,female,18,20160513,sale,3000.29,402,2),
(格格,female,28,20170127,sale,4000.33,402,2),

(张野,male,28,20160311,operation,10000.13,403,3), #以下是运营部门
(程咬金,male,18,19970312,operation,20000,403,3),
(程咬银,female,18,20130311,operation,19000,403,3),
(程咬铜,male,18,20150411,operation,18000,403,3),
(程咬铁,female,18,20140512,operation,17000,403,3)
;
技术分享图片
1.注意:                                                                                        
    select * from t1 where 条件 group by 分组字段                                                  
    1.分组只能查询分组字段,要想查看其余的利用聚合函数                                                               
    2.聚合函数的分类:count,min,max,avg,group_concat,sum等。                                           
    3.模糊匹配:用like关键字。                                                                         
      select * from t1 where name like %eg%; #%表示任意字符                                      
      select * from t1 where name like d__l; #一个下划线表示一个字符,两个下划线就表示两个字符                     
    4.拷贝表 :create table t2 select * from t1;                                                 
               create table t2 select * from t1 where 1=2 ;                                  
小知识

一.查询语法

SELECT 字段1,字段2... FROM 表名
                  WHERE 条件
                  GROUP BY field
                  HAVING 筛选
                  ORDER BY field
                  LIMIT 限制条数

二.简单查询

#简单查询
    SELECT id,name,sex,age,hire_date,post,post_comment,salary,office,depart_id 
    FROM employee;

    SELECT * FROM employee;

    SELECT name,salary FROM employee;

#避免重复DISTINCT
    SELECT DISTINCT post FROM employee;    

#通过四则运算查询
    SELECT name, salary*12 FROM employee;
    SELECT name, salary*12 AS Annual_salary FROM employee;
    SELECT name, salary*12 Annual_salary FROM employee;

#定义显示格式
   CONCAT() 函数用于连接字符串
   SELECT CONCAT(姓名: ,name,  年薪: , salary*12)  AS Annual_salary 
   FROM employee;
   
   CONCAT_WS() 第一个参数为分隔符
   SELECT CONCAT_WS(:,name,salary*12)  AS Annual_salary 
   FROM employee;

小练习:

1 查出所有员工的名字,薪资,格式为
    <名字:egon>    <薪资:3000>
select concat(<名字:,name,>   ,<薪资:,salary,> ) from employee;
2 查出所有的岗位(去掉重复)
select distinct depart_id from employee;
3 查出所有员工名字,以及他们的年薪,年薪的字段名为年薪
select name,salary*12 年薪 from employee;

三.where约束

where字句中可以使用:

1. 比较运算符:> < >= <= <> !=
2. between 80 and 100 值在10到20之间
3. in(80,90,100) 值是80或90或100
4. like ‘eg%‘
    可以是%或_,
    %表示任意多字符
    _表示一个字符

 like ‘e__n‘ :
5. 逻辑运算符:在多个条件直接可以使用逻辑运算符 and or not 

#1:单条件查询
    SELECT name FROM employee
        WHERE post=sale;
        
#2:多条件查询
    SELECT name,salary FROM employee
        WHERE post=teacher AND salary>10000;

#3:关键字BETWEEN AND
    SELECT name,salary FROM employee 
        WHERE salary BETWEEN 10000 AND 20000;

    SELECT name,salary FROM employee 
        WHERE salary NOT BETWEEN 10000 AND 20000;
    
#4:关键字IS NULL(判断某个字段是否为NULL不能用等号,需要用IS)
    SELECT name,post_comment FROM employee 
        WHERE post_comment IS NULL;

    SELECT name,post_comment FROM employee 
        WHERE post_comment IS NOT NULL;
        
    SELECT name,post_comment FROM employee 
        WHERE post_comment=‘‘; 注意‘‘是空字符串,不是null
    ps:
        执行
        update employee set post_comment=‘‘ where id=2;
        再用上条查看,就会有结果了

#5:关键字IN集合查询
    SELECT name,salary FROM employee 
        WHERE salary=3000 OR salary=3500 OR salary=4000 OR salary=9000 ;
    
    SELECT name,salary FROM employee 
        WHERE salary IN (3000,3500,4000,9000) ;

    SELECT name,salary FROM employee 
        WHERE salary NOT IN (3000,3500,4000,9000) ;

#6:关键字LIKE模糊查询
    通配符’%’
    SELECT * FROM employee 
            WHERE name LIKE eg%;

    通配符’_’
    SELECT * FROM employee 
            WHERE name LIKE al__;

四.having过滤

having和where语法上是一样的。

select * from employee where id>15;    
select * from employee having id>15;  

不同点:

#!!!执行优先级从高到低:where > group by > 聚合函数 > having >order by
1.where和having的区别                                                                                
     1. Where 是一个约束声明,使用Where约束来自数据库的数据,Where是在结果返回之前起作用的                                        
     (先找到表,按照where的约束条件,从表(文件)中取出数据),Where中不能使用聚合函数                                              
     2.Having是一个过滤声明,是在查询返回结果集以后对查询结果进行的过滤操作                                                     
     (先找到表,按照where的约束条件,从表(文件)中取出数据,然后group by分组,                                                
      如果没有group by则所有记录整体为一组,然后执行聚合函数,然后使用having对聚合的结果进行过滤),                                     
      在Having中可以使用聚合函数。                                                                          
     3.where的优先级比having的优先级高                                                                     
     4.having可以放到group by之后,而where只能放到group by 之前。  

验证:

1.查看员工的id>15的有多少个
select count(id) from employee where id>15;#正确,分析:where先执行,后执行聚合count(id),
                                            然后select出结果
select count(id) from employee having id>15; #报错,分析:先执行聚合count(id),后执行having过滤,
                                            #无法对id进行id>15的过滤
#以上两条sql的顺序是
1:找到表employee--->用where过滤---->没有分组则默认一组执行聚合count(id)--->select执行查看组内id数目
2:找到表employee--->没有分组则默认一组执行聚合count(id)---->having 基于上一步聚合的结果(此时只有count(id)字段了)
进行id>15的过滤,很明显,根本无法获取到id字段

小练习

1. 查询各岗位内包含的员工个数小于2的岗位名、岗位内包含员工名字、个数
select post,group_concat(name) 员工姓名,count(id) 个数 from employee group by post having count(id)<2;
2. 查询各岗位平均薪资大于10000的岗位名、平均工资
select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary)>10000;
3. 查询各岗位平均薪资大于10000且小于20000的岗位名、平均工资
select post,avg(salary)  from employee group by post having  avg(salary) between 10000 and 20000;

五、分组查询 group by

大前提:可以按照任意字段分组,但分完组后,只能查看分组的那个字段,要想取的组内的其他字段信息,需要借助函数

单独使用GROUP BY关键字分组
    select post from employee group by post;
    注意:我们按照post字段分组,那么select查询的字段只能是post,想要获取组内的其他相关信息,需要借助函数

GROUP BY关键字和group_concat()函数一起使用
      select post,group_concat(name) from  employee group by post;#按照岗位分组,并查看组内成员名
      select  post,group_concat(name) as emp_members FROM employee group by post;

GROUP BY与聚合函数一起使用
    select post,count(id) as count from employee group by post;#按照岗位分组,并查看每个组有多少人

强调:

分组:一般相同的多的话就可以分成一组(一定是有重复的字段)
小练习:
1. 查询岗位名以及岗位包含的所有员工名字
select post,group_concat(name) from employee group by post;

2. 查询岗位名以及各岗位内包含的员工个数
select post,count(id) from employee group by post;

3. 查询公司内男员工和女员工的个数
select sex,count(id) from employee group by sex;

4. 查询岗位名以及各岗位的平均薪资
select post,max(salary) from employee group by post;

5. 查询岗位名以及各岗位的最高薪资
select post,max(salary) from employee group by post;

6. 查询岗位名以及各岗位的最低薪资
select post,min(salary) from employee group by post;

7. 查询男员工与男员工的平均薪资,女员工与女员工的平均薪资
 select sex,avg(salary) from employee group by sex;

六、关键字的执行优先级(重点)

重点中的重点:关键字的执行优先级
from
where
group by
having
select
distinct
order by
limit

1.找到表:from

2.拿着where指定的约束条件,去文件/表中取出一条条记录

3.将取出的一条条记录进行分组group by,如果没有group by,则整体作为一组

4.如果有聚合函数,则将组进行聚合

5.将4的结果过滤:having

6.查出结果:select

7.去重

8.将6的结果按条件排序:order by

9.将7的结果限制显示条数

七、查询排序order by 

按单列排序
    SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary;
    SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary ASC;
    SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC;

按多列排序:先按照age排序,如果年纪相同,则按照薪资排序
    SELECT * from employee
        ORDER BY age,
        salary DESC;


===========order by==========
1.select * from employee order by salary;#如果不指定,默认就是升序
2.select * from employee order by salary asc;
3.select * from employee order by salary desc;

#先按照年龄升序,当年龄相同的太多,分不清大小时,在按照工资降序
4.select * from employee order by age asc, salary desc;

多表查询

一.介绍

首先先准备表

员工表和部门表

#建表
create table department(
id int,
name varchar(20) 
);

create table employee1(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20),
sex enum(male,female) not null default male,
age int,
dep_id int
);

#插入数据
insert into department values
(200,技术),
(201,人力资源),
(202,销售),
(203,运营);

insert into employee1(name,sex,age,dep_id) values
(egon,male,18,200),
(alex,female,48,201),
(wupeiqi,male,38,201),
(yuanhao,female,28,202),
(liwenzhou,male,18,200),
(jingliyang,female,18,204)
;

查看

技术分享图片

技术分享图片

二、多表连接查询

1.交叉连接:不适用任何匹配条件。生成笛卡尔积、

select * from employee1 ,department;

2.内连接:找两张表共有的部分,相当于利用条件从笛卡尔积结果中筛选出了正确的结果。(只连接匹配的行)

#找两张表共有的部分,相当于利用条件从笛卡尔积结果中筛选出了正确的结果
#department没有204这个部门,因而employee表中关于204这条员工信息没有匹配出来
select * from employee1,department where employee1.dep_id=department.id;

#上面用where表示的可以用下面的内连接表示,建议使用下面的那种方法
select * from employee1 inner join department on employee1.dep_id=department.id;

#也可以这样表示哈
select employee1.id,employee1.name,employee1.age,employee1.sex,department.name from 
employee1,department where employee1.dep_id=department.id;

技术分享图片

注意:内连接的join可以忽略不写,但是还是加上看起来清楚点

技术分享图片

3.左连接:优先显示左表全部记录。

#左链接:在按照on的条件取到两张表共同部分的基础上,保留左表的记录
select * from employee1 left join department on department.id=employee1.dep_id;
select * from department left join  employee1 on department.id=employee1.dep_id;

技术分享图片

技术分享图片

4.右链接:优先显示右表全部记录。

#右链接:在按照on的条件取到两张表共同部分的基础上,保留右表的记录
select * from employee1 right join department on department.id=employee1.dep_id;
select * from department right join employee1 on department.id=employee1.dep_id;

技术分享图片

技术分享图片

5.全外连接:显示左右两个表的全部记录。

注意:mysql不支持全外连接 full join
强调:mysql可以使用union间接实现全外连接
select * from employee1 left join department on department.id=employee1.dep_id
union
select * from employee1 right join department on department.id=employee1.dep_id; 

技术分享图片

三、符合条件连接查询

示例1:以内连接的方式查询employee和department表,并且employee表中的age字段值必须大于25,
即找出公司所有部门中年龄大于25岁的员工
select * from employee1 inner join department on employee1.dep_id=department.id 

and age>25;
示例2:以内连接的方式查询employee和department表,并且以age字段的升序方式显示
select * from employee1 inner join department on employee1.dep_id=department.id 
=

and age>25 and age>25 order by age asc;

四、子查询

#1:子查询是将一个查询语句嵌套在另一个查询语句中。
#2:内层查询语句的查询结果,可以为外层查询语句提供查询条件。
#3:子查询中可以包含:IN、NOT IN、ANY、ALL、EXISTS 和 NOT EXISTS等关键字
#4:还可以包含比较运算符:= 、 !=、> 、<等

 

MySQL数据库之单双表查询

原文:https://www.cnblogs.com/zycorn/p/9699849.html

(0)
(0)
   
举报
评论 一句话评论(0
关于我们 - 联系我们 - 留言反馈 - 联系我们:wmxa8@hotmail.com
© 2014 bubuko.com 版权所有
打开技术之扣,分享程序人生!