Tornado简介
Tornado有自己的socket（异步非阻塞，原生支持WebSocket），Django没有。
Tornado的模板语言更接近Python风格，比Django要好理解。
Demo示例
from tornado import ioloop
from tornado.web import RequestHandler,Application
class IndexHandler(RequestHandler):
def get(self):
self.write("Hello, world")
application = Application([
(r"/index", IndexHandler),
])
if __name__ == "__main__":
application.listen(8888)
ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
Tornado路由系统以及通过别名反向生成url
from tornado import ioloop
from tornado.web import RequestHandler,Application
class IndexHandler(RequestHandler):
def get(self):
url1 = self.application.reverse_url(‘alias_name1‘)
url2 = self.application.reverse_url(‘alias_name2‘,666)
print(url1)
print(url2)
self.write("Hello, world")
class HomeHandler(RequestHandler):
def get(self,uid):
print(uid)
self.write("Hello, Home")
application = Application([
(r"/index", IndexHandler,{},‘alias_name1‘),
(r"/home/(\d+)", HomeHandler,{},‘alias_name2‘),
])
# 支持通过域名进行匹配，域名匹配到然后再匹配 url
# application.add_handlers("blog.standby.pub",[
# (r"/index", IndexHandler),
# (r"/home/(\d+)", HomeHandler),
# ])
if __name__ == "__main__":
application.listen(80)
ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
种子管理系统
路由系统
多种方式实现登录验证
cookie
xsrf
UImethod 和 UImodule
模板引擎
目录结构
tree /f
│ app.py
│ my_uimethod.py
│ my_uimodule.py
│
├─controllers
│ account.py
│ seed.py
│ __init__.py
│
│
├─statics
│ commons.css
│ footer.css
│
├─tpl
footer.html
layout.html
login.html
seed.html
video.html
app.py
from controllers.account import *
from controllers.seed import *
import my_uimethod
import my_uimodule
settings = {
‘template_path‘:‘tpl‘,
‘static_path‘:‘statics‘,
‘static_url_prefix‘:‘/static/‘,
‘xsrf_cookies‘: True, # csrf配置
‘cookie_secret‘:‘asahcaoclacnqwncakcnal‘,
‘login_url‘:‘/login.html‘,
‘ui_methods‘:my_uimethod,
‘ui_modules‘:my_uimodule,
}
application = Application([
(r"/login.html", LoginHandler,{},‘login‘),
(r"/logout.html", LogoutHandler,{},‘logout‘),
(r"/seed.html", SeedHandler,{},‘seed‘),
(r"/video.html", VideoHandler,{},‘video‘),
],**settings)
if __name__ == "__main__":
application.listen(80)
ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
account.py
from tornado import ioloop
from tornado.web import RequestHandler,Application
class LoginHandler(RequestHandler):
def get(self,*args, **kwargs):
self.render(‘login.html‘,msg="")
def post(self, *args, **kwargs):
"""
self.request 包含了所有数据：
HTTPServerRequest(protocol=‘http‘,
host=‘127.0.0.1‘,
method=‘POST‘,
uri=‘/login.html?next=%2Fseed.html‘,
version=‘HTTP/1.1‘,
remote_ip=‘127.0.0.1‘,
headers={
‘Content-Type‘: ‘application/x-www-form-urlencoded‘,
‘Connection‘: ‘keep-alive‘,
‘Upgrade-Insecure-Requests‘: ‘1‘,
‘User-Agent‘: ‘Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/64.0.3282.186 Safari/537.36‘,
‘Cache-Control‘: ‘max-age=0‘,
‘Host‘: ‘127.0.0.1‘,
‘Accept-Encoding‘: ‘gzip, deflate, br‘,
‘Origin‘: ‘http://127.0.0.1‘,
‘Content-Length‘: ‘87‘,
‘Referer‘: ‘http://127.0.0.1/login.html?next=%2Fseed.html‘,
‘Accept-Language‘: ‘zh-CN,zh;q=0.9‘,
‘Accept‘: ‘text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8‘,
‘Cookie‘: ‘session=eyJ1c2VyX2luZm8iOiJhbGV4In0.DYUE4A.AhS8WvwJlQa8ium1YnF6tgJHwn0; _xsrf=2|50188c8e|5f181ad48a05219cb3bcf8117255223f|1520676667‘
})
"""
name = self.get_argument(‘name‘) # 去GET和POST里取值
pwd = self.get_argument(‘pwd‘)
args = self.get_arguments(‘name‘) # 类似Django里的 getlist()
# self.get_query_argument() # 去GET里取值
# self.get_query_arguments() # 类似Django里的 getlist()
# self.get_body_argument() # 去POST里取值
# self.get_body_arguments() # # 类似Django里的 getlist()
if ‘alex‘ == name and ‘123‘ == pwd:
import time
deadline = time.time() + 3600
# self.set_cookie(‘user_info‘,name,expires=deadline) # 普通的cookie
self.set_secure_cookie(‘user_info‘,name,expires=deadline) # 加盐/签名的cookie，需要在settings里配置cookie_secret
# self.redirect(‘/seed.html‘)
# url = self.reverse_url(‘seed‘)
# self.redirect(url)
# 如果使用authenticated来装饰login的get方法，并且在验证发现用户没有登录的情况下
# 则在跳转到登录页面，并会自动带上一个next字段到get请求里：http://127.0.0.1/login.html?next=%2Fseed.html
next_url = self.get_query_argument(‘next‘)
if not next_url:
next_url = self.reverse_url(‘seed‘)
self.redirect(next_url)
else:
self.render(‘login.html‘,msg="用户名或密码错误")
class LogoutHandler(RequestHandler):
def get(self,*args, **kwargs):
self.write("Bye...")
def post(self, *args, **kwargs):
pass
seed.py
from tornado import ioloop
from tornado.web import RequestHandler,Application
from tornado.web import authenticated
# 手写实现登录验证
# class SeedHandler(RequestHandler):
# def get(self,*args, **kwargs):
# # name = self.get_cookie(‘user_info‘)
# name = self.get_secure_cookie(‘user_info‘)
# if not name:
# self.redirect(‘/login.html‘)
# return
# self.write("Seed!")
""" 单继承
class ParentHandler(RequestHandler):
# 这个方法是tornado给预留的，如果要使用 tornado.web.authenticated 来登录验证就必须自己重写这个方法
def get_current_user(self):
return self.get_secure_cookie(‘user_info‘)
# 使用装饰器实现登录验证
class SeedHandler(ParentHandler):
@authenticated
def get(self,*args, **kwargs):
seed_list = [
{‘title‘:‘小麦‘,‘price‘:20},
{‘title‘:‘水稻‘,‘price‘:50},
{‘title‘:‘玉米‘,‘price‘:30}
]
self.render(‘seed.html‘,seed_list=seed_list)
class VideoHandler(ParentHandler):
@authenticated
def get(self, *args, **kwargs):
video_list = [
{‘title‘: ‘柯南‘, ‘price‘: 220},
{‘title‘: ‘一人之下‘, ‘price‘: 90},
{‘title‘: ‘虫师‘, ‘price‘: 40}
]
self.render(‘video.html‘, video_list=video_list)
"""
""" 多继承 """
class ParentHandler(object):
# 这个方法是tornado给预留的，如果要使用 tornado.web.authenticated 来登录验证就必须自己重写这个方法
def get_current_user(self):
return self.get_secure_cookie(‘user_info‘)
# 使用装饰器实现登录验证
class SeedHandler(ParentHandler,RequestHandler):
@authenticated
def get(self,*args, **kwargs):
seed_list = [
{‘title‘:‘小麦‘,‘price‘:20},
{‘title‘:‘水稻‘,‘price‘:50},
{‘title‘:‘玉米‘,‘price‘:30}
]
self.render(‘seed.html‘,seed_list=seed_list)
class VideoHandler(ParentHandler,RequestHandler):
@authenticated
def get(self, *args, **kwargs):
video_list = [
{‘title‘: ‘柯南‘, ‘price‘: 220},
{‘title‘: ‘一人之下‘, ‘price‘: 90},
{‘title‘: ‘虫师‘, ‘price‘: 40}
]
self.render(‘video.html‘, video_list=video_list)
自定义UIMethod以UIModule
def tab(self):
"""
在html页面里的调用方式：
{{ tab() }}
{% raw tab() %}
"""
# print(self) # <controllers.seed.VideoHandler object at 0x000000000360D6A0>
# return ‘UIMethod‘
return "<a href=‘http://www.baidu.com‘>百度</a>"
def sum(self, num1, num2):
return num1+num2
from tornado.web import UIModule
from tornado import escape
class Custom(UIModule):
def render(self, *args, **kwargs):
print(self,args,kwargs)
return "UIModule 不仅可以返回内容还可以引入/嵌入 css和js，可以用来做一个自定制的组合模块，比如分页，只需要在使用的时候引入下就可以。"
# 引入css
def css_files(self):
return ["/static/footer.css",]
# 嵌入css
def embedded_css(self):
tpm = """
.foot{
height: 80px;
}
"""
return tpm
# 引入js
def javascript_files(self):
return ["/static/common.js",]
# 嵌入js
def embedded_javascript(self):
tpm ="""
v = 123;
console.log(v);
"""
return tpm
seed.html
{% extends layout.html %}
{% block content %}
<h1>种子列表</h1>
{% module Custom(123) %}
<ul>
{% for item in seed_list %}
<li> {{ item[‘title‘] }} - {{ item[‘price‘] }}</li>
<li> {{ item.get(‘title‘,‘‘) }} - {{ item.get(‘price‘,‘‘) }}</li>
{% end %}
</ul>
{% include ‘footer.html‘ %}
{% end %}
video.html
{% extends layout.html %}
{% block content %}
<h1>视频列表 {{ sum(1,3) }}</h1>
{{ tab() }}
{% raw tab() %}
<ul>
{% for item in video_list %}
<li> {{ item[‘title‘] }} - {{ item[‘price‘] }}</li>
<li> {{ item.get(‘title‘,‘‘) }} - {{ item.get(‘price‘,‘‘) }}</li>
{% end %}
</ul>
{% end %}
login.html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Title</title>
<!--<link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/commons.css">-->
<link rel="stylesheet" href="{{ static_url(‘commons.css‘) }}">
</head>
<body>
<h1 class="c1">Login</h1>
<form action="" method="post">
{% raw xsrf_form_html() %}
<input type="text" name="name">
<input type="text" name="pwd">
<input type="submit" value="提交"> {{ msg }}
</form>
</body>
</html>
更多请参考：http://www.cnblogs.com/wupeiqi/articles/5702910.html